http://ijeab.com/ Open Access international Journal to publish research paper en-us August Invasive weeds are serious problems in crop production. They affect the production of vital crops, such as wheat, rice, sorghum, maize, and legumes. Weeds are major biotic stressors that reduce biomass and yield in many crops. Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata, and Ageratum conyzoides are the predominant weed species that threaten agricultural fields in India. These aggressive weed species compete with other crop plants for vital resources such as growth factors, water, essential nutrients, and space, and ultimately cause a remarkable loss of agricultural yield. Furthermore, weed plants release allelopathic compounds in soil that inhibit seed germination and crop growth, and also alter soil pH. Farmers traditionally rely on weed management practices that demand excessive labour and high costs while delivering low efficiency. Although chemical herbicides are effective in controlling weeds, excessive application poses severe environmental risks, and repeated long-term use may cause weed resistance. Considering the secondary effects of chemical herbicides, rhizobacterial biological weed control is an efficacious alternative to control these weed plants. Increasing agricultural yields is essential to meet the food needs of a rapidly growing global population. Numerous rhizobacteria have been identified for their ability to suppress weed growth. The use of rhizobacteria is a new and upcoming approach for the biocontrol of invasive weeds. Certain rhizobacterial strains suppress weed growth, providing crop plants with a competitive advantage for essential growth factors. Various mechanisms have been studied by which rhizobacteria can suppress weed growth, production of plant growth regulators (indole-3-acetic acid and 5-aminolevulinic acid), antibiotics, VOCs (hydrogen cyanide), exopolysaccharides (biofilm), and phytotoxins. Inoculation of potent rhizobacterial strains, which show the property of biocontrol of weeds, can be used for the management of weeds and can be implemented in sustainable agriculture practices. Use of rhizobacteria is an environment friendly approach for the management of invasive weeds and is highly compatible with sustainable agriculture. http://ijeab.com/detail/microbial-mechanisms-suppressing-invasive-weeds-for-sustainable-agriculture-a-review/ Dr. Mrunal M. Jogi, Kiran P. Tamboli http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJEAB-10720263-Microbial.pdf In Bangladesh, agroforestry has significantly replaced traditional forest management with more people-centered strategies due to the country's shrinking forestland. Products from agroforestry production methods help millions of small farmers around the world meet their basic necessities and improve their standard of living. In Bangladesh, the advantages of agroforestry systems and their tactics for promoting livelihood success are sometimes not consistently acknowledged. The study's goal was to explore viable local agroforestry practices and to ascertain how they might affect the development of the livelihoods and means of subsistence of ethnic farmers in Bangladesh's Madhupur Garh. The study identified five main types of local potential agroforestry practices, which are Acacia-Pineapple-Papaya, Acacia-Pineapple-Ginger, Acacia-Pineapple-Turmeric, Mango-Pineapple-Papaya, and Acacia Pineapple-Aroid based agroforestry that are cultivated throughout the Madhupur Garh, using a variety of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Additionally, these agroforestry techniques have concurrently improved the human, social, financial, natural, and physical capital of ethnic farmers. This suggests that the area's prospective agroforestry techniques have greatly improved farmers' agroforestry production knowledge and skills, as well as their knowledge of and access to educational institutions, home infrastructures, healthcare facilities, local road systems, and social networks. As a result, the study came to the conclusion that locally viable agroforestry techniques like Acacia-Pineapple-Aroid had improved the livelihood of the ethnic farmers, which in turn helped the community as a whole. http://ijeab.com/detail/the-improvement-of-ethnic-farmers-livelihoods-by-agroforestry-practices-in-the-madhupur-garh-bangladesh/ J. Rana, N. Hossain, N.E.K. Alam, K. K. Islam http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJEAB-112202321-TheImprovement.pdf A field experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2024 and 2025 at the Instructional Dairy Farm, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to evaluate the efficacy of eco-friendly integrated pest management (IPM) modules against the major insect pests of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), namely shoot fly (Atherigona soccata Rondani), stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe), and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith). The study aimed to identify sustainable and environmentally safe alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides for effective pest management and enhanced fodder productivity. Thirteen treatments comprising botanical formulations (neem oil, Neemastra, Agniastra, Brahmastra, Dashparni Ark, Panchgavya), biological control agents (Trichogramma chilonis, Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus thuringiensis), cultural practices, and a chemical check were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. The observations on shoot fly eggs and deadhearts, stem borer damage, and fall armyworm whorl damage were recorded at different crop growth stages. The results showed that 3% neem oil was the most effective treatment during both the years, recording the minimum deadhearts (10.00%) by shootfly, minimum deadhearts by stem borer (10.00 and 16.67%) and least fall armyworm damage (13.33 and 16.67%). The yield data revealed significantly more fodder yield from neem oil-based treatment (544.79 and 557.71 q/ha) as compared to control during both the years respectively. The findings demonstrate the potential of neem-based botanical formulations as a key component of sustainable IPM strategies, offering effective pest suppression, enhanced fodder yield, and reduced reliance on synthetic insecticides for residue-free sorghum production. http://ijeab.com/detail/evaluation-of-eco-friendly-integrated-pest-management-modules-against-major-insect-pests-of-sorghum-sorghum-bicolor-l/ Parul Dobhal, Ravi Prakash Maurya http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJEAB-10720261-Evaluation.pdf This study examines the performance and effectiveness of three Library Management Software (LMS) packages—KOHA, SOUL 4.0, and E-Granthalaya 4.0—used in selected libraries in Kota, Rajasthan, India. The libraries included in the study are the Central Library of Jai Minesh Adivasi University, The Indian Institute of Information Technology Kota and The Government Divisional Public Library Kota. The study aims to evaluate the role of LMS in library operations, assess service efficiency, compare software modules, identify challenges, and analysis cost and user satisfaction. The research employed interviews, questionnaires, observation, and site visits as primary methods of data collection. The evaluation was based on a Likert scale to measure feature usage and technical support across the selected LMS packages. The findings reveal that LMS has significantly improved library automation, information retrieval, and service delivery in all three institutions. KOHA was found to be the most cost-effective and feature-rich system, E-Granthalaya was highly economical and suitable for public libraries, and SOUL provided strong technical support and operational capability despite higher financial costs. The study concludes that LMS adoption is essential for modern libraries, but its success depends on effective staff training, regular updates, and institutional support. http://ijeab.com/detail/performance-evaluation-of-library-management-software-packages-in-selected-libraries-of-kota-rajasthan-a-comparative-study-of-koha-soul-and-e-granthalaya/ Dr. Prashant Bhardwaj, Akshay Kumar, Aayushi Soni, Dr. Deepak Kumar Shrivastava, Satyanarayan Sharma http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJEAB-0720262-Performance.pdf A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2025 at the Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur to evaluate the impact of inorganic fertilizer and microbial inoculation on nutrient content and uptake by soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) grown on Typic Haplustepts. The study employed a two-factor factorial randomized complete block design with four levels in each factor and three replications. Factor A comprised inorganic fertilizer rates expressed as proportions of the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF): F0 (control), F1 (50% RDF), F2 (75% RDF) and F3 (100% RDF). Factor B comprised microbial inoculation treatments: M0 (no inoculation), M1 (Rhizobium), M2 (Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, PSB) and M3 (Rhizobium + PSB). The results indicated that the highest nutrient content and uptake by soybean were recorded under 100% RDF (F₃), which was statistically at par with 75% RDF (F₂). Under F₃, the maximum nutrient content was 6.968 and 0.605% N, 0.605 and 0.220% P, and 1.353 and 2.63% K in seed and stover, respectively. Similarly, the highest total nutrient uptake was 113.72 kg N ha⁻¹, 17.00 kg P ha⁻¹, and 67.69 kg K ha⁻¹. Among microbial inoculation treatments, Rhizobium + PSB (M₃) recorded the highest nutrient content (6.934 and 0.594% N, 0.594 and 0.209% P, and 1.351 and 2.62% K in seed and stover, respectively) and total nutrient uptake (113.15 kg N ha⁻¹, 16.61 kg P ha⁻¹, and 67.76 kg K ha⁻¹), while Rhizobium and PSB alone were comparable to each other. Therefore, this study investigates the combined effects of inorganic fertilizers and microbial inoculation (Rhizobium and PSB) on the nutrient uptake and yield of soybean cultivated in the Typic Haplustepts of Rajasthan. This integrated approach offers a highly sustainable strategy to maximize soybean productivity, reduce chemical dependency and maintain soil fertility in semi-arid agricultural systems. http://ijeab.com/detail/impact-of-inorganic-fertilizer-and-microbial-inoculation-on-nutrient-content-and-uptake-by-soybean-glycine-max-l-merrill-in-typic-haplustepts/ Archana Rani, D.P. Singh, R.S. Meena, Mani Ram, Hari Singh, Pooja Sharma http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJEAB-0720299-Impact.pdf A field experiment entitled was conducted during the Kharif season of 2025 at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with twelve treatment combinations comprising four potassium levels viz., K0 (Control), K1 (75% RDK), K2 (100% RDK) andK3 (125% RDK) and three organic sources viz., O0 (Control), O1 (FYM @ 10 t ha⁻¹)and O₂ (Vermicompost @ 5 t ha⁻¹), replicated four times. The initial soil was slightly alkaline (pH 8.11), non-saline (EC 0.59 dS m⁻¹), with medium organic carbon (0.60%) and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of 230.00, 19.10and 402.00 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. After harvest, soil pH and EC remained unaffected by both potassium levels and organic sources. Potassium application significantly increased residual available potassium, with the highest value recorded under 125% RDK (K3), which remained at par with 100% RDK (K2). Organic sources significantly improved soil organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status. Vermicompost @ 5 t ha⁻¹ (O2) recorded the highest values of organic carbon (0.676%), available nitrogen (267.08 kg ha⁻¹), available phosphorus (22.61 kg ha⁻¹) and available potassium (455.35 kg ha⁻¹).The study concluded that organic nutrient sources, particularly vermicompost, were more effective in improving post-harvest soil fertility compared to potassium levels alone. The combined application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha⁻¹ with 125% RDK (K3O2) proved beneficial for maintaining soil nutrient status and improving soil health under maize cultivation. http://ijeab.com/detail/comparative-assessment-of-initial-and-post-harvest-soil-chemical-properties-under-different-organic-sources-and-graded-levels-of-potassium-in-maize-zea-mays-l/ Varsha Menaria, K. K. Yadav, D. P. Singh, Brijesh Yadav, H. L. Bairwa http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJEAB-107202618-Comparative.pdf Hotels, as a part of the hospitality industry, are one of the highest energy and water consuming sectors of the global economy, with also high amounts of waste and carbon emissions. Sustainability has gone from being a peripheral issue to a strategic business requirement for hotel operators globally as a result of increasing environmental awareness, increasing regulation and changing guest requirements. This review paper is a compilation of the current academic literature on the necessity and problems of sustainability in the hotel industry. The paper analyses the environmental, economic, and social arguments for sustainable hotel operations, and explores the diversity of practices introduced by the hotels (energy conservation, water management, green certification, corporate social responsibility, etc.), as well as the recurring obstacles to the implementation (high cost of implementation, lack of technical skills, different stakeholders' interests, etc.), based on peer-reviewed publications issued since 2011 and until 2026. The review reveals that large international chains have made public statements about sustainability, but that often these statements are made for efficiency and regulatory concerns and not for a change in business model, and that smaller and medium-sized hotels are lagging due to limited resources. Finally, there are suggestions of practical steps to move towards sustainable transformation, and future research is identified and highlighted, such as the need for standardised sustainability measures and a long-term study of guest behaviour. http://ijeab.com/detail/sustainable-hotel-industry-need-and-challenges/ Dr. Garima Jain, Dr. Vikas Sharma, Sharad Bajpai, Gaurav Mamgain http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJEAB-10720265-Sustainable.pdf A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2025 at the Agronomy Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources along with foliar silica application on the growth and yield attributes of maize (Zea mays L.) in Typic Haplustepts. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications comprising ten treatment combinations involving different levels of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), vermicompost and foliar application of 0.5% silica. The results revealed that the application of 100% RDF + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + foliar spray of 0.5% silica (T10) recorded the highest plant height (250.9 cm), dry matter accumulation (222.68 g plant-1), number of cobs plant-1 (1.39), grains cob-1 (532), cob weight (203.88 g), seed index (29.35 g) and shelling percentage (74.44%). Although several treatments exhibited statistical parity with T10 for individual parameters, 75% RDF + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + foliar spray of 0.5% silica (T7) was the only treatment that consistently remained at par with T10 across all evaluated growth and yield attributes. The findings indicate that integrated use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources together with foliar silica improved crop growth and reproductive performance by creating a favourable nutrient environment. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-organic-and-inorganic-nutrient-sources-and-foliar-silica-application-on-growth-and-yield-attributes-of-maize-zea-mays-l-in-typic-haplustepts/ Mohnish Saini, R.K. Sharma, K.K. Yadav, S.S. Lakhawat, H.L. Bairwa http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJEAB-107202614-Effectof.pdf Accurate prediction of reservoir water levels is essential for sustainable water resources management, reservoir operation, and water resources planning under increasing water demand and climate variability. In this study, the daily water level of Thurmond Reservoir, located on the Savannah River between South Carolina and Georgia, USA, was predicted using daily average air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), precipitation (P), and one-day lagged reservoir water level [RWL(t−1)]. A total of 1608 daily observations collected between 2017 and 2023 were used, with 80% of the dataset allocated for training and the remaining 20% for testing. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Interaction Regression (IR), Quadratic Regression (QR), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models were employed to estimate daily reservoir water levels. Model performances were evaluated using the Coefficient of Determination (R²), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results demonstrated that all developed models achieved satisfactory performance for daily reservoir water-level prediction. Among the evaluated models, the QR model achieved the highest prediction accuracy and the lowest error. The results obtained show that the proposed models can be effectively used for reservoir operation, water resources planning, and sustainable reservoir management. http://ijeab.com/detail/prediction-of-daily-water-level-variations-in-thurmond-reservoir-using-classical-and-artificial-intelligence-methods/ Aysu Ayar, Fatih Üneş, Bestami Taşar http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJEAB-107202610-Prediction.pdf Temple floral waste (TFW) is a significant and poorly managed waste stream in India, where flowers and other organic waste products are typically dumped into rivers and other water bodies. Primary research on vermicomposting and aerobic composting as alternatives to this practice is limited. Temple floral wastes have been used in vermicomposting trials with Eisenia fetida, which have demonstrated that the waste can be transformed into a stable product with a nutrient content that is comparable to or better than that of kitchen or farmyard wastes, and for which the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content has been measured in some studies. Similarly, aerobic non-vermicomposting trials have shown that the C:N ratio is reduced and compost matures in approximately 60 days using bin-composting methods. Some scientists reviewed the behaviour of heavy metals in vermicomposting in general (not specifically for floral waste) and found that the availability of metals in vermicomposting is not always the same and depends on the feedstock and co-substrate used. In addition to composting, other valorisation possibilities for floral waste have been explored, such as using it as a precursor for activated carbon and biochar through pyrolysis, indicating that there are more potential applications than just composting. This review summarizes these individual findings, makes no bones about the lack of directly relevant published studies, and refrains from making general statements about the field based on specific numeric results from one small study. http://ijeab.com/detail/bioconversion-of-temple-floral-waste-through-vermicomposting-and-composting-a-review-of-the-available-evidence/ Divya Pathak, Sweety Singh, Rajneesh K. Agnihotri http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJEAB-107202613-Bioconversion.pdf The current research, " Influence of Abiotic Factors on Soil Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties in Maize Crop (Zea mays L.)" was carried out at the Instructional farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan during Kharif, 2025.Tweleve treatments with four replications were included in the randomized block design of the field study.The present study evaluated the influence of abiotic factors on soil physico-chemical and biological properties in maize under a long-term fertilizer experiment. Correlation analysis revealed that weather parameters influenced soil properties under the long-term fertilizer experiment in maize. Among the abiotic factors, rainfall had the greatest impact, showing positive associations with soil porosity, organic carbon, available nutrients, microbial populations, and enzyme activities, while negatively affecting bulk and particle density. Significant positive correlations were observed between rainfall and available phosphorus (r = 0.588*) and dehydrogenase activity (r = 0.549*). In contrast, minimum temperature exhibited negative relationships with soil organic carbon, available zinc, microbial populations, and enzyme activities. Overall, the findings indicate that rainfall is a key driver of soil fertility and biological activity, emphasizing the importance of adequate moisture for maintaining soil health and productivity in maize. http://ijeab.com/detail/influence-of-abiotic-factors-on-soil-physico-chemical-and-biological-properties-in-ltfe/ Harpreet Singh, S.C. Meena, K.K. Yadav, Mahaveer Nogiya, Lal Chand Malav, K.D. Ameta, Dipendra Singh, Shivraj Arya, Chander Bhan http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJEAB-10720266-Influence.pdf A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2025 at the Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, under the Long-Term Fertility Experiment (29th maize–wheat cropping sequence) to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment comprised twelve nutrient management treatments involving different combinations of inorganic fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM), zinc (Zn), sulphur (S), and Azotobacter arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam, slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 8.23), non-saline, and contained 8.10 g kg-1 organic carbon. Growth parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield, and harvest index were recorded at harvest. The results revealed that the integrated application of 100% NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 (T₇) significantly improved crop growth and productivity over other treatments. This treatment recorded the maximum plant height (232.75 cm), dry matter accumulation (132.70 g plant⁻¹), cob length (18.13 cm), and cob weight (190.50 g). It also produced the highest grain yield (4093 kg ha⁻¹), stover yield (5397 kg ha⁻¹), and biological yield (9490 kg ha⁻¹), representing increases of 209.14%, 146.21%, and 162.44%, respectively, over the control. The T₇ treatment remained statistically at par with FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + 100% NPK (excluding the nutrient contribution from FYM) and 150% NPK for most growth and yield parameters. Harvest index was not significantly influenced by the nutrient management treatments. The study demonstrated that the combined application of inorganic fertilizers with FYM under long-term fertility management enhanced nutrient availability, improved soil health, and significantly increased maize productivity compared with the sole application of chemical fertilizers or organic manure. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-nutrients-on-growth-and-yield-of-maize-zea-mays-l-under-long-term-fertilizer-experiment/ Shivraj Arya, S. C Meena, K.K. Yadav, Hari Singh Meena, G.L. Meena, Dipendra Singh, Harpreet Singh http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-10720267-Effect.pdf Long-term nutrient management plays a crucial role in maintaining soil health and sustaining crop productivity. A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2025 under the Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment (LTFE) at Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, to evaluate the effects of integrated nutrient management on selected soil physical and chemical properties in maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 12 nutrient management treatments and four replications. Results revealed that long-term application of farmyard manure (FYM), either alone or in combination with recommended NPK fertilizers, significantly improved soil quality. The lowest bulk density (1.33 Mg m-3) was recorded under FYM @ 20 t ha⁻¹ (T₈), representing an 8.90% reduction over the control, while particle density remained unaffected across treatments. Soil pH showed only marginal, non-significant variation, whereas electrical conductivity ranged from 0.82 to 0.93 dS m-1. Organic amendments markedly enhanced soil organic carbon and cation exchange capacity, with the highest values (0.990% OC and 13.54 cmol(p⁺) kg-1 CEC) observed under FYM @ 20 t ha⁻¹. The findings demonstrate that continuous incorporation of FYM, particularly when integrated with balanced fertilization, effectively improves soil physical condition, increases organic carbon, enhances nutrient retention and promotes long-term soil fertility. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-different-nutrients-on-physical-and-chemical-properties-of-maize-zea-mays-l-under-long-term-fertilizer-experiment/ Dipendra Singh, S. C. Meena, R. P. Sharma, R. L. Meena, Pooja Sharma, Hari Singh meena, Shivraj Arya, Harpreet Singh, Pushpendra Singh, Ashish Vishnawat http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJEAB-10720268-Effectof.pdf The current study, “Effect of Organic and Inorganic nutrient sources on Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was carried out at the Instructional farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan during kharif, 2025. Fourteen treatments with three replications were included in the randomized block design of the field study. The application of 100% RDF + vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB (T12) resulted in significantly higher growth parameters, such as plant height, effective root nodulation and dry matter accumulations as well as yield attributes, number of pod plant-1, number of seed pod-1 and test weight. These results were statistically comparable to those of T11 (100% RDF + FYM + Rhizobium + PSB) and T10 (100% RDF + vermicompost + Rhizobium), and outperformed the remaining treatments. The treatment T12(100% RDF + vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB) also produced significantly higher seed yield, haulm yield, biological yield, gross returns, and net returns was higher recorded in T11 (100% RDF + FYM + Rhizobium + PSB) statistically at par with T12 (100% RDF + vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB. However, the administration of treatment T11 (100% RDF + FYM + Rhizobium + PSB) yielded the highest benefit-cost ratio that was statistically comparable to 100% RDF + vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB (T12). http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-organic-and-inorganic-nutrient-sources-on-growth-yield-and-economics-of-black-gram/ Chander Bhan, D.P. Singh, K.K. Yadav, Pooja Sharma, Hari Singh, S.C. Meena, Maniram, Rajveer, Dinesh, Harpreet Singh, Archana Rani http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJEAB-107202612-Effectof.pdf Digital transformation has reshaped how hospitality management competencies are taught, assessed, and translated into industry-ready skills. This paper presents a thematic review of the academic literature on e-learning practices in hospitality education, synthesizing empirical and conceptual studies published between 1999 and 2025. Following the six-phase thematic analysis approach of Braun and Clarke (2006), 22 peer-reviewed sources were coded, clustered, and mapped into six overarching themes: (1) the evolution and institutional adoption of e-learning; (2) pedagogical models such as blended, flipped, and online practicum learning; (3) immersive and simulation-based technologies, including virtual reality (VR) and gamification; (4) artificial intelligence and generative AI in curriculum design; (5) the COVID-19 pandemic as an inflection point for emergency remote teaching; and (6) industry-academia alignment in competency-based curricula. The review finds that while e-learning enhances flexibility, reach, and engagement, its capacity to replicate the tacit, sensory, and interpersonal competencies central to hospitality service delivery remains contested. Persistent challenges include the digital divide, faculty readiness, assessment integrity, and the erosion of experiential learning. The paper concludes with a future research agenda centred on hybrid immersive technologies, adaptive and AI-mediated learning, and competency-based micro-credentialing, offering implications for hospitality educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers. http://ijeab.com/detail/e-learning-practices-in-hospitality-education-a-thematic-review-of-emerging-trends-challenges-and-future-directions/ Aswani Kumar, Nitin Gupta http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJEAB-107202610-E-Learning.pdf The hotel sector has undergone a turnaround and transition to becoming more sustainable in recent years, driven by growing awareness of consumers, climate change, environmental issues and dwindling resources. Housekeeping is one of the key departments in a hotel that is directly linked to daily cleaning tasks, water, energy, chemicals, waste, linen, guests' comfort and more, and therefore is essential in ensuring environmentally responsible practices are being implemented throughout the hotel. Green housekeeping has become a strategic solution that combines sustainability principles with service quality and efficiency, ensuring guest satisfaction and satisfaction for the environment. This involves using eco-friendly cleaning products, microfiber technologies, water saving measures, linen/towel re-use systems, waste segregation and recycling, energy efficient equipment, digital inventory control, sustainable procurement and training staff on environmental issues. This review paper critically reviews the previous studies from the last two decades in the field of green housekeeping practices in the hotel industry by synthesising findings from international and Indian studies with a specific focus on the recent initiatives undertaken for the hotel industry in the context of sustainability. The review highlights the major motivators for the hospitality industry to pursue sustainable housekeeping operations, such as regulatory requirements, sustainable costs, corporate social responsibility, the push for green certification, technological innovation, and growing customer expectations for sustainable hotels. The study also explores the advantages of green housekeeping practices in the environmental, economic, operational, and social aspects, and addresses some of the barriers faced in implementing the practices including initial investment costs, resistance to change by employees, lack of environmental education, inconsistent involvement of guests, supply chain issues and a lack of standardised measurement systems to gauge sustainability. http://ijeab.com/detail/green-housekeeping-practices-in-the-hotel-industry-a-study/ Rupak Kumar Bideshi, Dr. Indraneel Bose http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJEAB-107202611-Green.pdf The excessive dependence on chemical fertilizer has resulted in declining soil fertility, reduced microbial diversity, environmental pollution and increased production cost. The study aimed to evaluvate the efficiency uses of Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. individually and in combination for promoting N-fixation, P-solubilization, siderophore production and phytohormone production like IAA and GA3. The PGPR microorganism namely Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of different tomato cultivating field in cuddalore district. Among the all isolates Az-5 and Az-2 recorded highest nitrogenase activity and cellular nitrogen content. Among the isolated Pseudomonas strain Ps-4 exihibited the greatest phosphate solubilization of followed by Ps-2 demonstrated significant phosphate solubilization of . Azotobacter isolates Az-5 and Az-2, Pseudomonas isolates Ps-4 and Ps-2 subjected to evaluvation of plant growth promoting traits like siderophore, IAA and GA3 production. Among the selected strain Az-5 and Ps-2 shows highest production of siderophore and phytohormone production. Azotobacter isolates Az-5 and Pseudomonas isolates Ps-2 were selected efficient strain used as the bioinoculant treatment in subsequent pot culture experiment. The result showed that dual inoculation of PGPR Az-5 and Ps-2 combined with 75% of the recommended NPK resulted maximum germination%, vigour index, No of fruits, fruit weight and fruit yield which is practically on par with 100% NPK. The study revealed that 25% of synthetic fertilizer have been reduced by using dual bioinoculant without reduction in yield. http://ijeab.com/detail/studies-on-effect-of-pgpr-on-growth-and-yield-of-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l/ Nithish Kumar K, Prabhudoss V, Sanjai G.M, Ashmisha AJ, Periyan Kannan, Manoj Kumar S, Gayatri B, Shiny pears V http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJEAB-107202613-Studieson.pdf A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2025 at the Dryland Farming Research Station, Arjia, Bhilwara, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth characters of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomize block design with four fertility levels (% RDF) viz., 100 (inorganic), 100 (vermicompost), 75 (inorganic) + 25 (vermicompost), 50 (inorganic) + 50 (vermicompost) and four liquid bio-fertilizers viz., control, Azotobacter, PSB and Azotobacter + PSB, replicated three times. The experimental results showed that application of 75 (inorganic) + 25 (vermicompost) recorded significantly higher values of growth characters viz., plant height (97.78 cm) and dry matter accumulation (26.24 g plant-1) at harvest in barley which was superior to lower fertility levels and was at par with 100 (inorganic). Among the liquid bio-fertilizers, application of Azotobacter + PSB recorded significantly higher values of plant height (96.16cm) and dry matter accumulation (26.78 g plant-1) at harvest which was found superior over control and PSB but statistically at par with Azotobacter. The results indicated that application of 75 (inorganic) + 25 (vermicompost) in combination with Azotobacter + PSB had a positive effect on the growth of barley. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-organic-inorganic-and-liquid-biofertilizer-on-growth-and-yield-of-barley-hordeum-vulgare-l/ Khushvinder Singh Gadhwal, K. C. Nagar, Ramawtar, R. K. Sharma, L.L. Panwar, Mayank Goyal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJEAB-107202616-Effectof.pdf A field experiment entitled “Effect of Nano DAP on Yield and Quality of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was conducted during the rabi season of 2025–26 at the Instructional Farm, DFRS, Arjia, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, on a clay loam soil. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications comprising different levels of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and Nano DAP applied through seed treatment and foliar spray. The results revealed that Nano DAP significantly influenced the productivity and economics of chickpea. The highest seed yield, haulm yield, biological yield and net return were recorded under T₁₀, which was statistically at par with T₇, T₈ and T₉. However, the highest benefit-cost ratio was recorded under T₉, which remained statistically comparable with T₇. Considering the comparable yield performance and economic returns with lower fertilizer input, T₇ (75% RDF + Nano DAP seed treatment @ 5 ml kg⁻¹ seed + foliar spray @ 4 ml L⁻¹ water at 30 DAS) may be considered a more suitable and economical nutrient management practice for chickpea cultivation under the conditions of Southern Rajasthan. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-nano-dap-on-yield-and-economics-of-chickpea-cicer-arietinum/ Monu Gocher, K.C. Nagar, Ramawtar, Suchitra Dadheech, K.L. Jeengar, Mayank Goyal http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJEAB-107202615-Effectof.pdf Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important biomass-derived platform chemical with extensive applications in the production of biofuels, polymers, pharmaceuticals, and other value-added chemicals. The growing demand for sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based chemicals has stimulated interest in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into HMF. In this study, the reaction parameters for the production of HMF from Tanzanian sugarcane bagasse were optimized under pressurized conditions using a high-pressure reactor. Sugarcane bagasse (25 g) was hydrolyzed under varying reaction temperatures, sulfuric acid concentrations, and reaction times. A total of 27 hydrolysis experiments were conducted in a non-stirred SS-304 pressure reactor. The hydrolysis reactions were carried out using sulfuric acid concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 M, temperatures between 180 and 200 °C, and reaction times of 10 to 20 minutes. The concentration of HMF produced under different reaction conditions was determined using UV–Visible spectrophotometry based on a calibration curve. The results demonstrated that HMF yield was significantly influenced by the interactive effects of acid concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be 1.0 M sulfuric acid, a reaction temperature of 190 °C, and a reaction time of 15 minutes, yielding a maximum HMF concentration of 4.519 mg mL⁻¹. These findings indicate that Tanzanian sugarcane bagasse is a promising low-cost and renewable feedstock for HMF production and highlight the importance of process optimization in maximizing product yield. The study contributes to the development of sustainable biorefinery technologies for the valorization of agro-industrial waste in Tanzania. http://ijeab.com/detail/reaction-parameter-optimization-for-sustainable-hydroxymethylfurfural-production-from-tanzanian-sugarcane-bagasse/ Frank Telesphore Beichumila http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJEAB-10720269-Reaction.pdf This study examines the role of innovative technologies in optimizing resource utilization and enhancing financial viability in sustainable event management practices. The area of the study is Delhi-NCR region, a major hub for events and exhibitions in India. A quantitative and empirical approach was adopted, with primary data collected from 402 event professionals using a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. Data were gathered between January and March 2026 using purposive and convenience sampling. The first objective of the study is achieved with the utilization of exploratory factor analysis. It has been revealed that there are four factors indicators of use of innovative technologies in sustainable event management and these four factors are Smart Digital & Automation Technologies, Data-Driven Resource Optimization, Sustainability & ROI Technologies and Financial & Market Acceptance. The second objective of the study is achieved with the use of multiple linear regression analysis and it has been found that the extracted four dimensions have a significant and positive influence on overall financial viability and resource optimization, indicating that the adoption of advanced technologies enhances operational efficiency, reduces resource wastage, and improves financial outcomes. Among the identified dimensions, financial and market-oriented technological acceptance emerges as a particularly influential factor, highlighting the importance of stakeholder confidence and market readiness in technology adoption. http://ijeab.com/detail/tech-driven-sustainability-resource-optimization-and-financial-viability-in-delhi-ncr-events/ Ritvik Tyagi, Dr. Indraneel Bose http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJEAB-107202699-Tech-Driven.pdf A study was conducted in Kalyan Karnataka region of Karanataka state during the year 2023-24 to identify and document the underutilized vegetables of the study area. The exploratory research design was employed in conduct of the study. Primary data were collected by using the questionnaire prepared for the study, a snow ball method of data collection were used to collect data due to lack of underutilized vegetables collecting and marketing farmers list. The suitable statistical tools like frequency and percentage are used for the analysis and tabulation of the data. In this study ten underutilized vegetables were identified, their common name, scientific name, family, health benefits and their images were documented. The identified vegetables are pigweed, joyweed, basale, nelabasale, brahmi, pointed gourd, moringa leaves, little wild gourd, safflower leaves and chickepea leaves. The results of the study revealed that majority of the farmers sold these underutilized vegetables directly to the consumer and low percent of middle men involved in the marketing. With respect to consumption pattern majority consumed these vegetables seasonally followed by rarely and never. Lack of knowledge regarding health benefits (92.86%) and non commercial production system (90.00%) are the major constraints for the underutilizing these vegetables. Vast potential of underutilized vegetables contributing significantly to the livelihood of the rural population, enhancing food and nutritional security and fostering sustainable agricultural development, hence government has to initiate the promotional activities for these underutilized fruit crops and provide the platform to sell their vegetables at suitable price. Underutilized vegetables in the Kalyana Karnataka region offer a unique opportunity to promote nutritional diversity, climate resilience, and local food traditions. With proper support through policy, awareness, and market linkages, these neglected crops can become mainstream contributors to sustainable agriculture and rural development. http://ijeab.com/detail/a-study-on-identification-documentation-and-marketing-behaviour-of-underutilized-vegetables-in-kalyana-karnataka-region/ Sidram B Y., Devendra Beeraladinni, Ningdalli Mallikarjun http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJEAB-10720263-Astudy.pdf To improve the ecological condition of the mining area, the Maoming Open-pit Mine in Guangdong Province launched a systematic ecological restoration project in 2013 to gradually restore the mining ecosystem. To quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of the restoration, this study used Landsat series remote sensing images from 2013 to 2021 and applied the Pixel Dichotomy Model to estimate Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) as the primary evaluation indicator. The spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation cover before and after ecological restoration were analyzed to quantitatively assess restoration effectiveness. The results show that: (1) The proportion of areas with low vegetation cover continuously decreased from 94.91% to 60.53%, whereas the proportion of areas with medium-high and extremely high vegetation cover increased from 0.11% to 29.16%. Vegetation recovery gradually spread from the periphery toward the interior of the pit. (2) The distribution of vegetation cover classes improved significantly, with a substantial reduction in bare soil areas and a marked increase in areas with medium and high vegetation cover, indicating a significant improvement in overall vegetation coverage. (3) Over the study period, the average vegetation cover in the mining area increased steadily from 1.18% to 18.00%, representing a substantial improvement in vegetation conditions. In conclusion, the restoration practices and outcomes of the Maoming Open-pit Mine provide valuable insights for the ecological restoration and post-restoration effectiveness assessment of similar legacy open-pit mines across China. http://ijeab.com/detail/comparative-study-on-ecological-restoration-effectiveness-in-mining-areas-based-on-fvc-a-case-study-of-the-maoming-open-pit-mine/ Shixin Liang, Xiaoke Li, Jirong Xie, Jiamin Xu, Ziluo Qiu, Lingkang Chen, Zhe Zhu, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJEAB-107202621-Comparative.pdf Gold mine tailings generally have low fertility and contain lead (Pb), a heavy metal that may inhibit plant growth. Phytoremediation using vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) offers a simple and effective strategy for improving tailings media and reducing Pb concentrations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the combination of Azotobacter inoculation and ameliorant application on Pb reduction and to determine the best combination for enhancing the phytoremediation capacity of vetiver grass in gold mine tailings. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Block Design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the type of Azotobacter inoculation (without Azotobacter, Azotobacter vinelandii, indigenous Azotobacter tailing-1, indigenous Azotobacter tailing-2, and an Azotobacter consortium). The second factor was the dose of cattle manure (0 t ha⁻¹, 10 t ha⁻¹, and 20 t ha⁻¹). The results showed a significant interaction between the Azotobacter type and cattle manure rate on the efficiency of Pb reduction in tailings. The combination of Azotobacter vinelandii with 10 t ha⁻¹ cattle manure and the Azotobacter consortium with 20 t ha⁻¹ cattle manure were the most effective treatments, achieving up to 61,55% reduction in tailing Pb concentration. http://ijeab.com/detail/effect-of-azotobacter-inoculation-and-cow-manure-amendment-on-lead-pb-phytoremediation-in-gold-mine-tailings-by-vetiver-grass-chrysopogon-zizanioides-l/ Salma Nur Fauziyyah, Ikrima Hasya Maharani, Raden Rhazista Noviardi, Sri Handayani, Mieke Rochimi Setiawati, Pujawati Suryatmana http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJEAB-10720265X-Effectof.pdf Habitat quality and carbon storage are key indicators for assessing ecosystem health. Rapid urbanization has significantly altered urban land-use patterns, driving spatiotemporal changes in regional habitat quality and carbon storage. To investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of habitat quality and carbon storage in a megacity undergoing rapid urbanization, this study selects Guangzhou as a representative case study. Using 30 m resolution land-cover data for 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2025, together with ArcGIS spatial analysis techniques and the InVEST model, this study evaluates the spatiotemporal variations in habitat quality and carbon storage. It further summarizes their spatiotemporal evolution over the 25-year period and analyzes the underlying evolutionary patterns and driving mechanisms. The results indicate that: (1) Temporally, habitat quality exhibited a stepwise and continuous decline from 2000 to 2025, while carbon storage decreased steadily, with a cumulative reduction of 3.21%. The conversion of forestland and cropland into built-up land was the primary driver of carbon storage loss and habitat degradation. However, ecological conservation and management measures implemented after 2020 effectively slowed the rate of ecological degradation. (2) Spatially, habitat quality and carbon storage exhibited highly consistent distribution patterns, maintaining a long-term spatial gradient characterized by higher values in the northern mountainous areas and lower values in the southern urbanized areas. The mountainous regions of Conghua and Zengcheng served as core areas with high habitat quality and strong carbon sequestration capacity, whereas the central urban districts and southern plains exhibited relatively low values. In addition, habitat fragmentation in the peri-urban areas of central Guangzhou continued to intensify. (3) Land-cover conversion and residential expansion were the dominant drivers of regional ecological degradation. Implementing zoned ecological conservation and restoration strategies can effectively mitigate the loss of ecological space. Overall, this study provides a scientific basis for territorial spatial ecological restoration planning and sustainable urban development in Guangzhou. http://ijeab.com/detail/analyzing-the-spatiotemporal-evolution-features-of-habitat-quality-and-carbon-storage-in-guangzhou-based-on-the-invest-model/ Qi Zhan, Ruei-Yuan Wang http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJEAB-10820261-Analyzing.pdf An orthogonal experiment (three factors × three levels) was designed to establish a cutting propagation technique for Hevea brasiliensis rootstock seedlings. The effects of substrate, exogenous hormone type, and concentration on rooting were evaluated across nine treatments. Rooting rate, four root traits, and mineral element contents were measured, and rooting performance was comprehensively assessed using the membership function method. Substrate was found to be the dominant factor, significantly affecting rooting rate, total root length, primary root number, and K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn contents. Neither hormone type (IAA, IBA, NAA) nor concentration (100–500 mg/L) exhibited significant effects on rooting. The soil yielded the highest mean membership value, with the soil + 500 mg/L IAA treatment ranking first (0.984). Overall, the highest rooting rate and root traits were obtained with soil and 500 mg/L IAA, which is recommended as the optimal protocol for rooting of rubber tree seedling cuttings. http://ijeab.com/detail/effects-of-substrates-and-exogenous-hormones-on-rooting-of-rubber-seedling-cuttings/ Yao Xingcheng, Shen Renming, Lu Shouhong, Shi Xiaofeng, Wang Jun http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJEAB-10720262X-Effectsof.pdf